The wetland system of Elkhorn Slough has undergone dramatic change for decades, but now a group of local scientists and conservationists is revving up a restoration project aimed at reversing many of these alterations and letting one of California's largest marshlands revert back to the ecosystem it once was. However, no one quite knows what Elkhorn Slough's truly "natural" state ever really was, and activists are at odds over precisely what treatments the slough really needs, if any at all.

In 1947, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredged out a large sandy berm to improve access to Moss Landing Harbor. The berm--basically a large sandbar--occupied what is today the slough's mouth, explains hydrologist Bryan Largay, director of the Elkhorn Slough Tidal Wetland Project. Once it became exposed to the forces of the ocean, the slough was cleaned out by wave action; the mud that layered the slough and provided habitat for vast beds of shellfish was drawn out to sea, and the average slough depth increased from roughly 10 feet to as much as 25 feet today. As water volume within the slough grew, the tidal currents became increasingly powerful, which quickened erosion, which further greatened the water capacity. A positive feedback system has developed that some say threatens to clear out the slough entirely.

Aaron Carlisle, a researcher with Hopkins Marine Station, worries that Elkhorn Slough could lose much of its biodiversity if preventative and restorative action is not taken. "If erosion isn't controlled, the slough is going to become just a coastal bay environment with nothing estuarine about it," Carlisle says.

Carlisle conducted a tag-and-track study of Elkhorn Slough leopard sharks between 2003 and 2005, when he was a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Lab. He found that the 3-to-5-foot sharks strongly favor the lower intertidal mud flats over any other part of the nearby marine environment.

"But eventually, all that habitat will disappear at the rate things are going," he warns.

The solution that he, Largay and others have discussed could be to block the erosive energy of the ocean with a subsurface rock pile--at the mouth of either Elkhorn Slough or Parsons Slough, an important subregion within the main bay. Additionally, the researchers have discussed rebuilding the mud bottom by dumping in fine-grained slurry from local dredging operations or quarries.

But another shark researcher thinks those measures are unnecessary. Sean Van Sommeran of the Pelagic Shark Research Foundation believes that leopard shark and bat ray numbers have increased in Elkhorn Slough partly due to the availability of new habitat in Parsons Slough, where previously the mud flats lay high and dry most of the time but subsided during the mid-1900s to below sea level. Van Sommeran has also observed an increase in marine mammals within Elkhorn Slough.

"To me, increased numbers of sharks and rays is good news," he says. "Increased numbers of sea otters and seals is good news."

Yet there is no question that the shallow muddy bottom of Elkhorn Slough that once supported abundant beds of clams and other shellfish is long gone--or that bringing back this ecosystem would require restoring the mud bottom to the slough and protecting it from the surging energy of the open ocean.

Largay says that restorative measures in Parsons Slough could serve as a pilot project and might be applied later to the entire estuary if it indeed proves successful and beneficial to habitat and wildlife. The restoration project is a public process, and the first meeting was held in December. The next public outreach event, a guided group hike to Parsons Slough followed by a lecture, takes place June 17. Updates and information can be found at www.elkhornslough.org.

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