Don't throw away those exercise videos and ubiquitous AOL CDs. Jim Williams wants you to mail old videotapes and CDs to him, so that more than 40 disabled staffers at his ACT Recycling in Columbia, Mo., can recycle them. And, oh, don't toss out those used Fed-Ex envelopes or broken smoke detectors; their manufacturers take them back for recycling.

Indeed, these days, it seems that more cast-offs than ever can be recycled--aseptic juice packages, printer cartridges, ordinary batteries, iPods, PDAs and even cell phones.

Surprised? Recycling has leap-frogged ahead, meaning if you haven't checked the recycling scene since the mid-1990s, it's possible that much of what you thought you knew is wrong. Not only can you recycle more things, but your discards are very much in demand, perhaps more than you realize.

Get this: Recycling and reuse businesses now employ about as many people as the auto industry, if not more, according to a 2001 "U.S. Recycling Economic Information Study" commissioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and several states through an agreement with the National Recycling Coalition. At least 1.1 million people now work in the industry, more than triple the jobs in mining. BusinessWeek in February pegged the number of auto factory workers at about 950,000. Demand from industrializing China and India is helping spur the U.S. recycling industry, which now provides a "major source of raw materials," according to Jerry Powell, editor of Resource Recycling magazine.

"Without recycling, given current virgin raw material supplies, we could not print the daily newspaper, build a car or ship a product in a cardboard box," says Powell. "Recycling is not some feel-good activity; it is one of the backbones of global economic development." To his way of thinking, recovering cast-offs and putting them to good use "are key ingredients to industrial growth and stability."

Rarely Is the Question Asked: 'Is Our Children Recycling?'

And yet, there is a problem. It becomes obvious when peering into a garbage can at a community festival or in the dumpster behind your local shopping mall. Curiously, while recycling has grown to more than 9,000 curbside programs nationwide, a greater percentage of recyclable plastic bottles and aluminum cans are ending up in the regular garbage.

Aluminum can recycling has dropped steadily, from a 1992 high of 65 percent of cans to 45 percent by 2004, according to the Container Recycling Institute. The Aluminum Association puts the latter figure at 51 percent. Plastic bottles fare worse: While nearly 40 percent of PET plastic bottles were recycled in 1995, only about half that many--21.6 percent-- were recycled in 2004, according to the National Association for PET Container Resources. Powell says recycling levels exceed 50 percent for such materials as corrugated cartons and steel.

Paul Gardner got an unanticipated glimpse into why recycling rates are slipping in Minnesota, thanks to a phone survey of 800 Minnesotans that included this single recycling-related question: "Do you think manufacturers need more cans, bottles and paper?" Only 36 percent said, "We need more," and those folks tended to have a high school education or less and be younger (ages 24 and under).

"The more education you have, the more likely you are to be cynical about recycling," concluded Gardner, who is executive director of the Recycling Association of Minnesota. "We don't know [why], to be honest," though the purpose of the survey question was "to see how many people in the state still cling to the idea that there is a glut of recyclables, because we need all the material we can get right now and more." He adds, "We've got some work to do, since almost three-quarters of Minnesotans think that we don't need to recycle more. Twenty-four percent of our garbage is still recyclable paper, so we have more to get."

Scrapping With Trashy Media

Gardner also spends time combating impressions sometimes bandied about in the media, most famously in "Recycling Is Garbage," a 1996 cover story in The New York Times Magazine, in which libertarian writer John Tierney argued that recycling could be "the most wasteful activity in modern America." Tierney wrote, "Recycling does sometimes make sense--for some materials in some places at some times. But the simplest and cheapest option is usually to bury garbage in an environmentally safe landfill. And since there's no shortage of landfill space (the crisis of 1987 was a false alarm), there's no reason to make recycling a legal or moral imperative. Mandatory recycling programs aren't good for posterity. They offer mainly short-term benefits to a few groups--politicians, public relations consultants, environmental organizations, waste-handling corporations--while diverting money from genuine social and environmental problems."

When the American Prospect in 2001 profiled Tierney and asked about his 7,800-word anti-recycling story, he said: "I could write something about the good side of recycling. And there are some benefits. But everybody else writes that." The Times story still reverberates.

"We've been fighting negative images ever since then," says Gardner, who tries to counter attacks from similarly themed articles, including "Why Recycling is Garbage" (Forbes 1997) and "Recycle This!" (Weekly Standard, January 2006). The Weekly Standard argued that there is plenty of sand, trees, petroleum and farm products to produce new glass, paper and plastic, so recycling is a waste of time that robs Seattle households of 16 minutes per week on sorting cast-offs.

In January 2006, Seattle began mandatory recycling. That means businesses and multifamily residential buildings face up to three warnings, followed by a $50 ticket if their garbage contains at least 10 percent recyclables.

Mandatory recycling is folly, contends the Weekly Standard. "To say we will someday run out of trees is the same as saying we will someday run out of corn," the magazine opined, adding that the motivation behind recycling is "we get a warm and fuzzy feeling."

Gardner and other recyclers shake their heads at such arguments. Recycling proves much more than an alternative to landfills, though high costs of garbage disposal in some areas certainly fuel interest; Seattle saves $4.4 million a year by recycling what otherwise would be trucked a few hours south to an Oregon landfill, says Brett Stav, a spokesman for Seattle Public Utilities.

Recycling one aluminum can conserves 300 watt-hours, enough to run a 100-watt bulb for three hours. It takes 5 percent of the energy to make a new aluminum can out of an old can compared to making a new can out of raw materials. "Any time you make new stuff out of old stuff, it takes less energy, less chemicals, less water," Gardner says.

A rash of scrap metal thefts illustrates just how much copper, aluminum and bronze are in demand. Manhole covers and sewer grates have gone missing in Indianapolis, aluminum siding was ripped from vacant homes in western Ohio and at least 100 metal light poles have been hacked down and carted away in Maryland. Meanwhile, copper wire has been swiped from at least 2,500 light poles in the Kansas City area in recent months. Inconvenience isn't a problem: 16 bronze plaques weighing a total of 240 pounds went missing from a Minneapolis park. Three guys sold them, cut up, to a scrap yard--and were arrested by police the next day, according to news reports. The same fate befell a historic P.T. Barnum statue in Bridgeport, Conn., but the perpetrators were never caught.

In short, people want your scrap metal--and lots of other discards. Carpet manufacturers are looking for more plastic bottles. Plastic lumberers are looking for your moderately stiff plastic bottles ("HDPE" or "No. 2" plastic). In fact, there's a market for lots of things that may be in your garbage can.

The following is a guide to help you recycle all those perplexing items you can't bear to throw away. Also, consider making a visit to Santa Cruz's local Resource and Recovery Center, located three miles up Highway 1 at 605 Dimeo Lane, which waste reduction coordinator Chris Moran claims offers "the best view of any landfill, ever." This is a great way to get educated on how the processes work and help you gain perspective on the good folk who go through your trash.

Autos, Trucks, Trailers, Boats, Jet-Skis, Motorcycles, RVs

Even if your vehicle doesn't run, lots of nonprofit organizations want it. Numerous "vehicle donation programs" will gladly accept most towable vehicles. Pickup is free. Some sell the vehicles directly to raise money; others contract with someone to run the donation program for a fee.

Gino's Santa Cruz Auto Recycling will recycle your car at 3315 Portola Drive, off 41st Avenue. Call for more information: 831.475.4113 between 9:30am-4pm.

Or ask your favorite nonprofit organization whether it accepts vehicles. Those that do include Habitat for Humanity (877.277.4344), Wolf Haven International (360.264.4695; www.wolfhaven.org) and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (757.962.8277; www.peta.org).

Batteries

Household single-use batteries: In Santa Cruz, batteries can now be dropped off at Santa Cruz's Central Library (224 Church St.) as well as at the Branciforte (230 Gault St.) and Garfield Park (705 Woodrow St.) branch libraries. Look for the little recycling bins shaped like batteries. The city of Santa Cruz Resource Recovery Facility will accept single-batteries as well.

Rechargeable batteries: RadioShack and Office Depot accept batteries from wireless phones, laptop computers, camcorders, cordless power tools, digital cameras and radio-controlled toys at no charge; these are Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd), Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH), Lithium Ion (Li-ion) and Small Sealed Lead Acid (Pb) batteries weighing less than 2 pounds.

Books

First consider selling them to used bookstores such as Logos Books and Records (1117 Pacific Ave.; 831.427.5100) or the Literary Guillotine (204 Locust St.; 831.457.1195), or online at sites like Amazon.com. Or donate them to libraries, thrift stores or the International Book Project (888.999.2665; www.intlbookproject.org).

Car Batteries, Motor Oil, Oil Filters, Antifreeze

Many auto-parts stores and service centers that sell these items will take your old ones for recycling. In Santa Cruz, used oil, etc., can be taken to Kragen Autoparts (411 May Ave.; 831.423.2282), Jiffy Lube (1705 Soquel Ave.; 831.425.2400) or Auto Express (2842 Soquel Ave.; 831.462.3323).

Carpet and Padding

Ask your carpet dealer if their company has access to a carpet recycling network, which is likeliest in California, says Bob Peoples, executive director of the carpet industry's Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE). You may strike out. Trouble is, there is no routine system for recycling old carpet, says Peoples. The picture should begin to brighten by the end of 2007. "We're trying to build the infrastructure for collection around the country," says Paul Ashman, head of Environmental Recovery and Consolidation Services (866.873.2244). "It's an industry that's just beginning."

If you're in the commercial sector, Peoples' organization advises calling your mill representative, who can work with you to get your carpet recycled for a fee. Find potential contacts and locations of carpet reclaimers at CarpetRecovery.org.

Cell Phones, Pagers, PDAs

Drop old cell phones off at Santa Cruz public libraries, which will ship them off to be recycled and use the proceeds to buy new books. Cell phones, PDAs and pagers can also be deposited at Staples office supply stores, or go to CollectiveGood.com, where you'll choose a charity to benefit before shipping them to: CollectiveGood, 4508 Bibb Blvd. Suite B-10, Tucker, GA 30084. Many programs accept cell phones (which have an average lifespan of 18 months), including police stations and Call to Protect (www.DonateaPhone.com), which gives phones to domestic violence agencies. The nonprofit Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corp. recycles phones and gives a portion of proceeds to charity; for drop-off sites near you, go to www .Call2Recycle.org or call 877.2-RECYCLE. Alternatively, get cash, $2 to $100-plus, for newer-model cell phones from www.CellForCash.com (800.503.8026). It is now illegal in California to toss cell phones in the trash.

Clothing

Thrift stores want usable clothes, but not tattered items. Turn frayed or torn clothing into rags for painting and cleaning at home. Also, consider joining or hosting a local clothes swap event (learn more at www.swaporamarama.org).

Computers

Old computers can be donated to Dave's Computer Services (765 Cedar St., 831.458.1131). Or give your computer to charity or a school if it's still good; find possible outlets at www.Share Technology.org or www.Earth911.org. Broken? Obsolete? That's another story. Ever since "the dirty little secret of the high-tech revolution"--the dumping of toxic electronic waste on developing nations--made national news in 2002 with the release of a graphic report by Basel Action Network and four other groups, E-waste has been a touchy issue for consumers. To see a list of recyclers who've signed pledges to be good stewards, go to www.ban.org/pledge/Locations.html.

Broken computers and computer parts can be dropped off at the Santa Cruz Recourse Recovery Center and recycled for free.

About 20 states, including California, have passed or considered legislation that would require manufacturers to recycle their computers. That's an approach supported by Dell and HP. Dell will take back certain Dell and non-Dell monitors, desktops, towers, notebooks, printers and peripherals. Example: recycling a PC and a monitor would cost you $20 to cover home pickup, shipment and recycling. Fee may be waived if you buy a new Dell computer. Get instructions at www.Dell.com/recycle. Manufacturer HP will take back any computer hardware from any maker. That includes printers, scanners, fax machines, monitors, hand-held devices, plus their cables, mice, keyboards or other external components. The company says they'll be reused or recycled "in a way that conserves resources." Fee: $13 to $34 per item. Get details at www.tinyurl.com/57hz.

Eyeglasses

Drop them off at LensCrafters, Pearle Vision, BJ's Optical, the optical stores at Sears or Target or your local Lions Club. Refurbished glasses are delivered to developing countries.

Fluorescent Lights

It is now illegal to dump fluorescent bulbs and tubes in the garbage in Santa Cruz. Instead, drop them off at the Resource Recovery Center. Several hardware stores will also accept them, including Brownie's, Cliff's Variety and Cole Hardware. For a list of companies that say they recycle the spent bulbs, go to Lamprecycle.org.

Fruit Rinds, Veggie Scraps, Coffee Grounds, Tea Bags

Turn them into rich compost for your garden or houseplants by starting a compost bin or worm bin, no matter how small your space, as the New York City Compost Project urges. Find step-by-step instructions for starting an indoor worm bin or backyard compost bin at www.NYCCompost.org.

Be sure to take advantage of the city of Santa Cruz's compost bin discount program. The city is currently offering $40 off the purchase of compost and worm bins from Green Culture. For more information call 831.420,5424. Order your bin online at www.ci.santa-cruz.ca.us/pw/homecomposting.html.

iPods

If a friend or loved one doesn't want your hand-me-down and if selling your iPod on eBay isn't your thing, then consider Apple's recycling program. Take an unwanted iPod, iPod mini or iPod photo to any Apple store. You'll get a minor (10 percent) price break on any new iPod bought that day. The company says your oldie will be processed domestically.

Magazines, Catalogs, Phone Books

Friends or family may want your old magazines. If not--surprise!--Santa Cruz's curbside recycling program accepts magazines, phone books and catalogs.

Too few people seem to know that magazine recycling has expanded considerably since the 1980s, when recycling programs tended to forbid glossies, according to ReMix, a National Recycling Coalition program first launched in Boston and Maryland's Prince Georges County in 2004 to encourage magazine recycling. Case in point: Only 31 percent to 35 percent of magazines in Wisconsin are recycled, while programs there are doing a better job capturing other items.

Miscellany (Crayons, Art Supplies, Wine Corks, Fabric)

Many states have "material exchanges" where odd stuff is collected and made available to the public for use. Outdated calendars, office paper that is used on one side, wallpaper, flooring samples, crayons and other stuff can be offered up by Californians at www.promaxreuse.org.

Newspaper, Aluminum Cans, Metal Cans

Curbside recycling programs traditionally accept these mainstays. Alternatively, ask around to learn whether a local charity collects aluminum cans to raise money. Pull-tabs from aluminum cans are welcomed by Ronald McDonald houses, which trade them for cash (www.rmhc.org).

Paint

The Santa Cruz Recourse Recovery Center will take your leftover paint. After drop off, the paint is sorted by color and offered to the public for free. Some nonprofit organizations also welcome usable paint; for local options, go to Earth911.org.

Paper, Cardboard Boxes

The vast majority of curbside recycling programs accepts more types of paper these days than just flattened cardboard boxes and newspapers. Santa Cruz residents, for instance, can also recycle clean and dry computer paper, ledger paper, wrapping, arts and craft paper, mail, fliers, telephone books, note cards, blueprints, magazines, file folders, paper bags, Post-it notes, catalogs and all envelopes, provided the plastic window has been removed. They also can toss in "chipboard" boxes including empty rolls of toilet paper, cereal boxes, frozen food boxes, shoeboxes and detergent boxes.

Plastic Bags

Use supermarket bags as kitchen garbage bags or as pooper-scoopers for dog and cat waste. Some supermarkets recycle bags; check for a bin at the store entrance. Santa Cruz's curbside recycling program also recycles plastic bags, as part of the "Bag Your Bags" program. Just place all plastic bags, including grocery bags, bubble wrap, plastic packaging and Ziplocks, into one bag and drop it into your curbside bin. Dog parks often invite the public to stock their makeshift pooper-scooper-bag dispensers; stuff them with grocery bags, clean produce bags, those plastic sleeve-length bags that come with home-delivered newspapers and crumb-free bread bags.

Plastic Containers

Community curbside recycling programs often accept plastic bottles marked "1" or "2" on the bottom. Rules for other plastics vary wildly from place to place. Seattle advises residents to ignore altogether the numbers stamped on container bottoms and recycle only plastic bottles, tubs, jugs, jars and pill bottles with a "neck and shoulders," such as vitamin bottles, but not cylindrical prescription bottles. Meanwhile, some community recycling programs nowadays accept plastic containers marked "1" through "7," as in Palm Beach County, Fla., and rural Franklin County in Massachusetts, as well as the city of Santa Cruz.

Packaging 'Peanuts'

Most UPS Stores accept clean foam peanuts. Alternatively, search www.LooseFillPackaging.com or call the Peanut Hotline at 800.828.2214.

Pots, Pans, Aerosol Cans, Aluminum Foil

In New York City, it's the law: Residents must place all of that stuff in recycling bins. Failure to separate it from the garbage or to clean up aluminum first can lead to a ticket. Yet, many recycling programs don't accept any or some of those items. In Santa Cruz, aluminum foil can be picked up curbside (just flatten and fold). The rest can be dropped off the Resource Recovery Facility.

As for printer cartridges, first, save money by refilling inkjet cartridges a few times through ink-refill services offered by such providers as Printpal.com (888.772.1361), CarrotInk.com (877.322.7768), and Walgreens stores.

Then take exhausted cartridges to OfficeMax or Office Depot, which will trade you certain models for a free ream of recycled paper. Staples trades them for a $3-off store coupon. Alternatively, Freerecycle.com promises to pay up to $3.60 apiece for nearly 80 types of ink cartridges.

Priority Mail (Tyvek) Envelopes

Tyvek-brand envelopes, such as those used by Fed-Ex and for U.S. Postal Service Priority Mail, can be shipped back to Tyvek for recycling. If you have fewer than 25, turn one of them inside out, then stuff it with the rest. Ship to: Terry Fife, Tyvek(r) Recycling Specialist, 5401 Jefferson Davis Highway, Spot 197, Room 231, Richmond, VA 23234; 866.338.9835.

Records

Sell your old records to an independent music store such as Streetlight Records (939 Pacific Ave.; 831.421.9200) or Logos Books and Records (1117 Pacific Ave.; 831.427.5100) or at www.Gemm.com, the self-described "world's largest music marketplace," or donate them to a thrift store.

Smoke Detectors

They last only 10 years and contain radioactive Americium 241, so send dead ones back to the manufacturer. Send First Alert, BRK and Family Guard Smoke Detectors to: BRK Brands, 25 Spur Drive, El Paso, TX 79906; 800.323.9005; www.firstalert.com. On the front of the package, write "For Disposal." Up to five smoke alarms are accepted for free.

Ship American Sensors and Dicon Smoke Detectors by surface mail to: Dicon Inc., 20 Steelcase Road West, Unit #3, Markham, Ontario L3R 1B2, Canada; 800.387.4219. On the front of the package, write "For Recycling, $0 Value."

Styrofoam

It's easiest to reuse white block foam as packing material. But if there's a place that manufactures it somewhere near you, that business likely will accept it, says John Gogol, president of PC Plastics in Oregon. Residents of Portland, Seattle and Boulder, Colo., have it easier: they can take block foam to certain drop-off sites. Sadly, this is not the case in Santa Cruz.

Videotapes, Floppy Disks, Zip Disks, DVDs, CDs, Jewel Cases

Ship them to Missouri via media mail, where disabled employees of the nonprofit Alternative Community Training erase and repackage donated media for resale under the GreenDisk label. Download a donor form from ACTRecycling.org. Send items to: Alternative Community Training, 2200 Burlington, Columbia, MO 65202; 800.359.4607.

Alternatively, you can ship your stuff directly to GreenDisk through its Technotrash Pack-IT servic; 800.305-DISK; www.greendisk.com). For $5.95, you can ship up to 20 pounds.

Wire Hangers

Wire hangers may be unacceptable to Joan Crawford, but they're taken in by some dry cleaners, which is your best bet in Santa Cruz, since, unlike New York City, Seattle and Palo Alto, the city won't accept them for curbside recycling. Salvage yards may also take them.

Sally Deneen writes for E/The Environmental Magazine. Leyna Krow also contributed to this article.

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